架空歷史
架空历史（脚本错误：没有“lang”这个模块。，也称另类历史）是推想虚构作品的一个分支，其中一个或多个历史事件已经发生，但其解决方式与真实历史不同。 [1][2][3][4][5]作为基于历史事实的猜想，架空历史故事对人类历史上的重大事件提出了“如果 ”假设，并呈现出与历史记录截然不同的结果。一些架空历史作品被认为是科幻作品或历史虚构作品的一个分支。
自20世纪50年代以来，作为科幻作品的一个分支，一些架空历史故事的特点是历史之间的时间旅行、特定宇宙中的居民对另一个宇宙存在的精神意识，以及将历史划分为不同时间流的时间旅行。[6]
定义[编辑]
架空历史通常被描述为科幻作品的一个分支，它是一种虚构作品类型，作者在其中猜想，如果某一特定历史事件的结果与现实生活中的结果不同，历史进程可能会变成什么样子。[2]架空历史需要三个条件：⑴与历史记录的分歧点早于作者写作之前；⑵可能改变已知历史的变化；⑶研究改变历史的后果。[7]有时，某些类型的虚构作品会被误认为是架空历史，特别是科幻作品，故事背景设定在作者的未来，但对读者来说现在是过去，如阿瑟·克拉克的1968年小说《2001：太空漫遊》、乔治·奥威尔的1949年小说《一九八四》和2009年电影《2012》，因为作者在写这些故事时并没有改变过去的真实历史。[7]
与架空历史类型类似的还有一种秘史类型——可以是虚构的，也可以是非虚构的——它记录了历史上可能发生的事件，但对记录的历史结果没有影响。[7][8]架空历史在主题上也与反事实历史脚本错误：没有“ilh”这个模块。相关，但又有别于反事实历史。反事实历史是一种史学形式，它以推断的时间轴上探讨历史事件，其中关键的历史事件要么没有发生，要么其结果与历史记录不同，从而了解到底发生了什么。[9][10]
架空历史的文学史[编辑]
中世纪以前至中世纪[编辑]
架空历史（或脚本错误：没有“ilh”这个模块。）最早见于蒂托·李维的《罗马史》（第九卷，第17节至19节）。李维设想了公元前4世纪的另一种情况，即亚历山大大帝幸存下来并按计划进攻欧洲，问道：“如果罗马与亚历山大交战，结果会如何？”[11][12][13]李维得出结论，罗马人很可能会打败亚历山大。[11][14][15]更早的可能是希羅多德的《歷史》，其中包含猜测性材料。[16]
The earliest example of alternate (or counterfactual) history is found in Livy's Ab Urbe Condita Libri (book IX, sections 17–19). Livy contemplated an alternative 4th century BC in which Alexander the Great had survived to attack Europe as he had planned; asking, "What would have been the results for Rome if she had been engaged in a war with Alexander?"[11][12][17] Livy concluded that the Romans would likely have defeated Alexander.[11][18][19] An even earlier possibility is Herodotus's Histories, which contains speculative material.[20]
Another example of counterfactual history was posited by cardinal and Doctor of the Church Peter Damian in the 11th century. In his famous work De Divina Omnipotentia, a long letter in which he discusses God's omnipotence, he treats questions related to the limits of divine power, including the question of whether God can change the past,[21] for example, bringing about that Rome was never founded:[22][23][24]One early work of fiction detailing an alternate history is Joanot Martorell's 1490 epic romance Tirant lo Blanch, which was written when the fall of Constantinople to the Turks was still a recent and traumatic memory for Christian Europe. It tells the story of the knight Tirant the White from Brittany who travels to the embattled remnants of the Byzantine Empire. He becomes a Megaduke and commander of its armies and manages to fight off the invading Ottoman armies of Mehmet II. He saves the city from Islamic conquest, and even chases the Turks deeper into lands they had previously conquered.I see I must respond finally to what many people, on the basis of your holiness's [own] judgment, raise as an objection on the topic of this dispute. For they say: If, as you assert, God is omnipotent in all things, can he manage this, that things that have been made were not made? He can certainly destroy all things that have been made, so that they do not exist now. But it cannot be seen how he can bring it about that things that have been made were not made. To be sure, it can come about that from now on and hereafter Rome does not exist; for it can be destroyed. But no opinion can grasp how it can come about that it was not founded long ago...[25]
19世纪[编辑]
One of the earliest works of alternate history published in large quantities for the reception of a large audience may be Louis Geoffroy's Histoire de la Monarchie universelle : Napoléon et la conquête du monde (1812–1832) (History of the Universal Monarchy: Napoleon and the Conquest of the World) (1836), which imagines Napoleon's First French Empire emerging victorious in the French invasion of Russia in 1812 and in an invasion of England in 1814, later unifying the world under Bonaparte's rule.[12]
The Book of Mormon (published 1830) is described as an "alternative history" by Richard Lyman Bushman, a biographer of Joseph Smith. Smith claimed to have translated the document from golden plates, which told the story of a Jewish group who migrated from Israel to the Americas and inhabited the region from about 600 B.C. to 400 A.D., becoming the ancestors of Native Americans. In the 2005 biography Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling, Bushman wrote that the Book of Mormon "turned American history upside down [and] works on the premise that a history—a book—can reconstitute a nation. It assumes that by giving a nation an alternative history, alternative values can be made to grow."[26]
In the English language, the first known complete alternate history may be Nathaniel Hawthorne's short story "P.'s Correspondence", published in 1845. It recounts the tale of a man who is considered "a madman" due to his perceptions of a different 1845, a reality in which long-dead famous people, such as the poets Robert Burns, Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Keats, the actor Edmund Kean, the British politician George Canning, and Napoleon Bonaparte, are still alive.
The first novel-length alternate history in English would seem to be Castello Holford's Aristopia (1895). While not as nationalistic as Louis Geoffroy's Napoléon et la conquête du monde, 1812–1823, Aristopia is another attempt to portray a Utopian society. In Aristopia, the earliest settlers in Virginia discover a reef made of solid gold and are able to build a Utopian society in North America.
20世纪初和纸媒时代[编辑]
In 1905, H. G. Wells published A Modern Utopia. As explicitly noted in the book itself, Wells's main aim in writing it was to set out his social and political ideas, the plot serving mainly as a vehicle to expound them. This book introduced the idea of a person being transported from a point in our familiar world to the precise geographical equivalent point in an alternate world in which history had gone differently. The protagonists undergo various adventures in the alternate world, and then are finally transported back to our world, again to the precise geographical equivalent point. Since then, that has become a staple of the alternate history genre.
A number of alternate history stories and novels appeared in the late 19th and early 20th centuries (see, for example, Joseph Edgar Chamberlin's The Ifs of History [1907] and Charles Petrie's If: A Jacobite Fantasy [1926]).[27] In 1931, British historian Sir John Squire collected a series of essays from some of the leading historians of the period for his anthology If It Had Happened Otherwise. In that work, scholars from major universities, as well as important non-academic authors, turned their attention to such questions as "If the Moors in Spain Had Won" and "If Louis XVI Had Had an Atom of Firmness". The essays range from serious scholarly efforts to Hendrik Willem van Loon's fanciful and satiric portrayal of an independent 20th-century New Amsterdam, a Dutch city-state on the island of Manhattan. Among the authors included were Hilaire Belloc, André Maurois, and Winston Churchill.
One of the entries in Squire's volume was Churchill's "If Lee Had Not Won the Battle of Gettysburg", written from the viewpoint of a historian in a world in which the Confederacy had won the American Civil War. The entry considers what would have happened if the North had been victorious (in other words, a character from an alternate world imagines a world more like the real one we live in, although it is not identical in every detail). Speculative work that narrates from the point of view of an alternate history is variously known as "recursive alternate history", a "double-blind what-if", or an "alternate-alternate history".[28] Churchill's essay was one of the influences behind Ward Moore's alternate history novel Bring the Jubilee[來源請求] in which General Robert E. Lee won the Battle of Gettysburg and paved the way for the eventual victory of the Confederacy in the American Civil War (named the "War of Southron Independence" in this timeline). The protagonist, the autodidact Hodgins Backmaker, travels back to the aforementioned battle and inadvertently changes history, which results in the emergence of our own timeline and the consequent victory of the Union instead.
The American humorist author James Thurber parodied alternate history stories about the American Civil War in his 1930 story "If Grant Had Been Drinking at Appomattox", which he accompanied with this very brief introduction: "Scribner's magazine is publishing a series of three articles: 'If Booth Had Missed Lincoln', 'If Lee Had Won the Battle of Gettysburg', and 'If Napoleon Had Escaped to America'. This is the fourth".
Another example of alternate history from this period (and arguably[29] the first that explicitly posited cross-time travel from one universe to another as anything more than a visionary experience) is H.G. Wells' Men Like Gods (1923) in which the London-based journalist Mr. Barnstable, along with two cars and their passengers, is mysteriously teleported into "another world", which the "Earthlings" call Utopia. Being far more advanced than Earth, Utopia is some 3000 years ahead of humanity in its development. Wells describes a multiverse of alternative worlds, complete with the paratime travel machines that would later become popular with American pulp writers. However, since his hero experiences only a single alternate world, the story is not very different from conventional alternate history.[30]
In the 1930s, alternate history moved into a new arena. The December 1933 issue of Astounding published Nat Schachner's "Ancestral Voices", which was quickly followed by Murray Leinster's "Sidewise in Time" (1934). While earlier alternate histories examined reasonably-straightforward divergences, Leinster attempted something completely different. In his "World gone mad", pieces of Earth traded places with their analogs from different timelines. The story follows Professor Minott and his students from a fictitious Robinson College as they wander through analogues of worlds that followed a different history.[來源請求] "Sidewise in Time" has been described as "the point at which the alternate history narrative first enters science fiction as a plot device" and is the story for which the Sidewise Award for Alternate History is named.[31][32]
A somewhat similar approach was taken by Robert A. Heinlein in his 1941 novelette Elsewhen in which a professor trains his mind to move his body across timelines. He then hypnotizes his students so that they can explore more of them. Eventually, each settles into the reality that is most suitable for him or her. Some of the worlds they visit are mundane, some are very odd, and others follow science fiction or fantasy conventions.
World War II produced alternate history for propaganda: both British and American[33] authors wrote works depicting Nazi invasions of their respective countries as cautionary tales.
电视节目[编辑]
1983 is set on a world where the Iron Curtain never fell and the Cold War continues until the present (2003).
An Englishman's Castle tells the story of the writer of a soap opera in a 1970s England which lost World War II. England is run by a collaborator government which strains to maintain a normal appearance of British life. Slowly, however, the writer begins to uncover the truth.
In the Community episode "Remedial Chaos Theory," each of the six members of the study group rolls a die to decide who has to go downstairs to accept a pizza delivery for the group, creating 6 different alternative worlds. Characters from the worst universe, "darkest timeline," would later appear in the "prime universe".[34]
Confederate was a planned HBO series set on a world where the south won the US Civil War. Social media backlash during pre-production led to the series being cancelled with no episodes produced.
Counterpart tells of a United Nations agency that is responsible for monitoring passage between alternative worlds. Two of the worlds, Alpha and Prime are locked in a cold war.
The Court-Martial of George Armstrong Custer is a 1977 telemovie where George Custer survives the Battle of Little Bighorn and faces a court martial hearing over his incompetence.
C.S.A.: The Confederate States of America presents itself as a British TV documentary uncovering some of the dark secrets of the Confederacy on a world where the south won the US Civil War.
Dark Skies tells that much of history having been shaped since the 1940s by a government conspiracy with aliens. One race of aliens can take over humans, while those immune to the alien's control fight back.
Doctor Who's main character has visited two alternative worlds in the TV show and several in its spin off media. The Third Doctor visits a world with a fascist Great Britain on the brink of destruction, Inferno while the Tenth Doctor visits a Britain that has a President and blimps are a common form of transportation beset by Cybermen, "Doomsday". The Seventh Doctor faces a threat from an alternative world in Battlefield, where magic is real and the alternative version of The Doctor is hinted to be that reality's Merlin.
Fallout shows a 1950s retro-future world that suffers a global nuclear war [35] on the Amazon streaming service.
Fatherland is a TV movie set in a 1960 alternative world where US President Joseph Kennedy and Adolf Hitler have agreed to meet to discuss an end to their country's Cold War 15 years after the Axis victory in World War II. However, an American reporter has discovered proof of the long denied Final Solution threatens the meeting.
The anime Fena: Pirate Princess featured an alternate 18th century.[36]
For All Mankind depicts an alternate timeline in which the Soviet crewed lunar program successfully lands on the Moon before the US Apollo program, resulting in a continued and intensified Space Race.
Fringe has the father of one of the main characters cross into another reality to steal that world's version of his son after his son dies. The second world has a slightly different history, with a few different states in the United States, such as only one Carolina and Upper Michigan as a state. In addition, the 9/11 attack didn't take down the Twin Towers but the White House. Also, several major DC Comics events are different, such as Superman not Supergirl dying during Crisis on Infinite Earths. The incursion to steal the son has many negative effects on that world, and while the realities start out as antagonist, they eventually work together to repair the damage.
The Man in the High Castle, an adaptation of the novel of the same name, showed a world where the Axis Powers won World War II.
Motherland: Fort Salem explores a female-dominated world in which witchcraft is real. Its world diverged from our timeline when the Salem witch trials are resolved by an agreement between witches and ungifted humans.
Noughts + Crosses is a British TV show set on a world where a powerful West African empire colonizes Europe 700 years before the start of the series.
Parallels was a planned TV show whose pilot was later released as a Netflix movie. The plot concerns a building which can shift realities every 36 hours and those who use the building to travel to other realities.[37]
The Plot Against America is an HBO miniseries where Charles Lindbergh wins the 1940 US presidential election as an anti-war candidate who moves the country toward fascism.[38]
The TV show Sliders explores different possible alternate realities by having the protagonist "slide" into different parallel dimensions of the same planet Earth.
The Great Martian War 1913-1917 An alternate history documentary where giant martians with machines invaded the Earth during WW1, causing huge technological upgrades and the entente and central powers fighting alongside each other.
SS-GB (TV series) shows a world where the Axis Powers quickly win World War II, killing Churchill and installing a puppet government. However, British resistance fights back.[39]
In the various Star Trek TV shows and spin off media a Mirror Universe has been encountered where Earth has an empire that subjugates other planets. Doppelgängers of the main cast of many the TV shows appear in that reality.
The Watchmen series is set on a world where costumed heroes were initially welcomed but later outlawed. It is set 34 years after the events of the comic book on which the series shares a name.
The Marvel Cinematic Universe series, Loki (2021 & 2023), on Disney+, shows an agency which prevents alterations to the timeline. Alternate versions of Loki from various universes appear.
The Marvel Cinematic Universe series, What If...? (2021-present), on Disney+, shows alternate universes that depict alternate events from the MCU films.
互联网[编辑]
Fans of alternate history have made use of the internet from a very early point to showcase their own works and provide useful tools for those fans searching for anything alternate history, first in mailing lists and usenet groups, later in web databases and forums. The "Usenet Alternate History List" was first posted on 11 April 1991, to the Usenet newsgroup rec.arts.sf-lovers. In May 1995, the dedicated newsgroup soc.history.what-if was created for showcasing and discussing alternate histories.[40] Its prominence declined with the general migration from unmoderated usenet to moderated web forums, most prominently AlternateHistory.com, the self-described "largest gathering of alternate history fans on the internet" with over 10,000 active members.[41][42]
In addition to these discussion forums, in 1997 Uchronia: The Alternate History List was created as an online repository, now containing over 2,900 alternate history novels, stories, essays, and other printed materials in several different languages. Uchronia was selected as the Sci Fi Channel's "Sci Fi Site of the Week" twice.[43][44]
乌有史[编辑]
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In Spanish, French, German, Portuguese, Italian, Catalan, and Galician, the words uchronie[[Category:含有Template:ISO 639 name fr的條目]], ucronia, and ucronía[[Category:含有Template:ISO 639 name es的條目]] are native versions of alternate history, from which comes the English loanword uchronia. The English term uchronia is a neologism that is sometimes used in its original meaning as a straightforward synonym for alternate history.[48][49][50][51] However, it may also now refer to other concepts, namely an umbrella genre of fiction that encompasses alternate history, parallel universes in fiction, and fiction based in futuristic or non-temporal settings.[52][53][54]
参见[编辑]
- 20th century in science fiction
- Alien space bats
- Alternate ending
- Alternative future
- American Civil War alternate histories
- Dieselpunk
- Dystopian
- Fictional universe
- Future history
- The Garden of Forking Paths
- Historical revisionism
- Hypothetical Axis victory in World War II
- Invasion literature
- Jonbar hinge
- List of alternate history fiction
- Possible worlds
- Pulp novels
- Ruritanian romance
参考文献[编辑]
- REDIRECT Template:Delete
脚本错误：没有“Redirect_Template_List”这个模块。 This article "架空歷史" is from Wikipedia. The list of its authors can be seen in its historical and/or the page Edithistory:架空歷史. Articles copied from Draft Namespace on Wikipedia could be seen on the Draft Namespace of Wikipedia and not main one.
- ↑ 脚本错误：没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 脚本错误：没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ Brave New Words: The Oxford Dictionary of Science Fiction (Oxford University Press, 2007) notes the preferred usage is "Alternate History", which was coined in 1954; "Alternative History" was first used in 1977, pp. 4–5.
- ↑ 脚本错误：没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ 脚本错误：没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
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- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 脚本错误：没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。脚本错误：没有“Unsubst”这个模块。
- ↑ 脚本错误：没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ "It [alternative history] is, at the very root, the idea of conjecturing on what did not happen, or what might have happened, in order to understand what did happen."脚本错误：没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。脚本错误：没有“Unsubst”这个模块。
- ↑ Martin Bunzl, "Counterfactual History: A User's Guide", American Historical Review (2004) 109 No. 3, pp. 845–858 in JSTOR
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 脚本错误：没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 脚本错误：没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
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- ↑ 脚本错误：没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ 脚本错误：没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ Richard Lyman Bushman. Knopf, ISBN 1-4000-4270-4, p. 104
- ↑ 脚本错误：没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ 脚本错误：没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ 脚本错误：没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。 Herbert Millingchamp Vaughan's The Dial of Ahaz (1917) posits a multiverse filled with alternate versions of planet Earth.
- ↑ 脚本错误：没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ 脚本错误：没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
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- ↑ 脚本错误：没有“Citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ 脚本错误：没有“Citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ de Sa, Alexandre F. (2012). From modern utopias to contemporary uchronia. Existential Utopia: New Perspectives on Utopian Thought.
- ↑ Loyer, Emmanuelle (2019). Uchronia. Booksandideas.net.
- ↑ 脚本错误：没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ Schmid, Helga (2020). Uchronia: Designing Time. Germany: Walter de Gruyter GmbH. p. 26
- ↑ Worth, Aaron (2018). Uchronia. Victorian Literature and Culture, 46(3-4), 928-930.
- ↑ Craveiro, Joanna (2016). A live/living museum of small, forgotten and unwanted memories: performing narratives, testimonies and archives of the Portuguese Dictatorship and Revolution (Doctoral dissertation, University of Roehampton), p. 46.
- ↑ Schmid, 2020, p. 11, 28.
This article "架空歷史" is from Wikipedia. The list of its authors can be seen in its historical and/or the page Edithistory:架空歷史. Articles copied from Draft Namespace on Wikipedia could be seen on the Draft Namespace of Wikipedia and not main one.
更多阅读[编辑]
- Chapman, Edgar L., and Carl B. Yoke (eds.). Classic and Iconoclastic Alternate History Science Fiction. Mellen, 2003.
- Collins, William Joseph. Paths Not Taken: The Development, Structure, and Aesthetics of the Alternative History. University of California, Davis 1990.
- Darius, Julian. "58 Varieties: Watchmen and Revisionism". In Minutes to Midnight: Twelve Essays on Watchmen. Sequart Research & Literacy Organization, 2010. Focuses on Watchmen as alternate history.
- Cowley, Robert, ed., What If? Military Historians Imagine What Might Have Been. Pan Books, 1999.
- Gevers, Nicholas. Mirrors of the Past: Versions of History in Science Fiction and Fantasy. University of Cape Town, 1997
- Hellekson, Karen. The Alternate History: Refiguring Historical Time. Kent State University Press, 2001
- Keen, Antony G. "Alternate Histories of the Roman Empire in Stephen Baxter, Robert Silverberg and Sophia McDougall". Foundation: The International Review of Science Fiction 102, Spring 2008.
- McKnight, Edgar Vernon Jr. Alternative History: The Development of a Literary Genre. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1994.
- Morgan, Glyn, and C. Palmer-Patel (eds.). Sideways in Time: Critical Essays on Alternate History Fiction. Liverpool University Press, 2019.
- Nedelkovh, Aleksandar B. British and American Science Fiction Novel 1950–1980 with the Theme of Alternative History (an Axiological Approach). 1994 脚本错误：没有“In lang”这个模块。, 1999 脚本错误：没有“In lang”这个模块。.
- Rosenfeld, Gavriel David. The World Hitler Never Made: Alternate History and the Memory of Nazism. 2005
- Rosenfeld, Gavriel David. "Why Do We Ask 'What If?' Reflections on the Function of Alternate History." History and Theory 41, Theme Issue 41: Unconventional History (December 2002), 90–103.Template:JSTOR.
- Schneider-Mayerson, Matthew. "What Almost Was: The Politics of the Contemporary Alternate History Novel". American Studies 30, 3–4 (Summer 2009), 63–83.
- Singles, Kathleen. Alternate History: Playing with Contingency and Necessity. De Gruyter, 2013.
外部链接[编辑]
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This article "架空歷史" is from Wikipedia. The list of its authors can be seen in its historical and/or the page Edithistory:架空歷史. Articles copied from Draft Namespace on Wikipedia could be seen on the Draft Namespace of Wikipedia and not main one.
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This article "架空歷史" is from Wikipedia. The list of its authors can be seen in its historical and/or the page Edithistory:架空歷史. Articles copied from Draft Namespace on Wikipedia could be seen on the Draft Namespace of Wikipedia and not main one.
