Cacique

This article "Cacique" is from Wikipedia. The list of its authors can be seen in its historical and/or the page Edithistory:Cacique. Articles copied from Draft Namespace on Wikipedia could be seen on the Draft Namespace of Wikipedia and not main one.

何塞·加夫列尔·孔多尔坎基，領導的安第斯cacique

哈土依紀念碑牌匾

18世紀Tehuelches的首領Cangapol

cacique（Latin AmericanTemplate:IPA-es；Template:IPA-pt；女性：cacica）是泰诺族的部落首領。是巴哈马、大安的列斯群岛和小安的列斯群岛北部美洲土著的部落首領。該術語是泰諾語單詞kasike的西班牙語字母轉寫。

Cacique西班牙最初被譯為「王（king）」、「王子（prince）」在殖民時代，征服者和行政人員普遍使用這個詞來指代幾乎任何土著的任何領導人。西半球. -->

已隱藏部分未翻譯内容，歡迎參與翻譯。

In 西班牙裔 and 葡萄牙語圈 countries, the term also has come to mean a political boss, similar to caudillo, exercising power in a system of caciquismo.

西班牙殖民時代的caciques

The word kasike descends from the Taíno word kassiquan, which means "to keep house". In 1555 the word first entered the English language, defined as "prince". In Taíno culture, the kasike rank was hereditary and sometimes established through democratic means. As the Taínos were mostly a peaceable culture the kasike's importance in the tribe was determined by the size of his clan rather than his skills in warfare. The Taíno kasikes also enjoyed several privileges that marked them as the elite class of Taíno society: they lived in a larger rectangular hut in the center of the village, rather than the peripheral circular huts of other villagers, and they had reserved places from which to view the areytos (ceremonial dances) and . Most importantly, the kasike's word was law and they exercised this power to oversee a sophisticated government, finely involved with all aspects of social existence.

The Spanish transliterated kasike and used the term (cacique) to refer to the local leader of essentially any indigenous group in . Caribbean caciques who did not initially oppose the Spanish became middlemen, serving as the interface between their communities and the Spanish. Their cooperation was frequently provisional. Most of the early caciques eventually revolted, resulting in their deaths in battle or by execution. Two of the most famous of these early colonial-era caciques are 哈土依 from what is now 古巴 and on the island of Hispaniola. Both are now respective national heroes in Cuba and the Dominican Republic.

The Spanish had more success when they drafted the leaders of the far more hierarchically-organized indigenous civilizations of Central Mexico. These Central Mexican caciques served as more effective, and loyal, intermediaries in the new system of colonial rule. The hierarchy and nomenclature of indigenous leadership usually survived within a given community and the Spaniards' designation of caciques did not usually correspond to the hereditary or likely candidate from a given system of indigenous leadership.

As a consequence, elite indigenous men willing to cooperate with the colonial rulers replaced their rivals who had better hereditary or traditional claims on leadership. The Spanish recognized indigenous nobles as a European-style nobility, within the newly-established colonial system and a cacique's status among the colonizers (along with that of his family) was buttressed by their being permitted the Spanish noble honorifics and doña.

As colonial middlemen, caciques were often the first to introduce European material culture to their communities. This is seen in the Spanish-style houses they built, the Spanish furnishings that filled them and the European fashions they wore everywhere. They engaged in Spanish commercial enterprises as sheep and cattle ranchers and 蠶業. Many even owned Black to operate these concerns. The caciques also acquired new privileges, unknown before contact. These included the right to carry swords or firearms and to ride horses or mules. Some caciques had entailed estates called s. The records of many of these Mexican estates are held in the Mexican national archives in a section Vínculos ("entails"). The establishment of Spanish-style town government (cabildos) served as a mechanism to supplant traditional rule. Spanish manipulation of cabildo elections placed compliant members of the traditional, hereditary lineages on such cabildos town councils.

By the late colonial era in central Mexico, the term cacique had lost any dynastic meaning, with one scholar noting that "cacique status could in some degree buttress a family's prestige, but it could no longer in itself be regarded as a rank of major authority." In a 1769 petition by a cacique family to the , appealing for the restoration of its privileges, the following expectations were listed: "that, the cacique should be seated separately from commoners at public functions; he was excused from serving in town government; he was exempted from tribute and other exactions; he was excused from Sunday worship and payments of the half real; his servants were not liable for community labor; he was exempt from incarceration for debt and his property from sequestration; he could be imprisoned for serious crime but not in the public jail; the caciques' names were to be listed among the nobles in official registers; and "all these privileges are to apply equally to the caciques' wives and widows." With 墨西哥独立战争 in 1821, the last of the special privileges of colonial-era caciques were finally abolished.

In contrast to the rest of the Spanish Colonial Americas, in the 安地斯山脈 the local term 库拉卡 was preferred to cacique. After conquering the 印加帝國 the Spaniards administering the new Peruvian viceroyalty had allowed the kurakas or caciques to maintain their titles of nobility and perquisites of local rule so long as they swore fealty to the Spanish monarch.

In 1781, the was led by a kuraka who claimed to be a descendant of the Inca royal line, that of the final Inca, 圖帕克·阿馬魯. At independence in 1825, 西蒙·玻利瓦尔 abolished noble titles, but the power and prestige of the kurakas was already in decline following the Great Rebellion. Kuraka rebellions had been waged since the beginning of the Spanish colonial rule, and decades after 何塞·加夫列尔·孔多尔坎基's 1781 uprising other insurrections such as the or the uprisings were often the first major engagements of the South American Wars of Independence.

马普切人 cacique () around 1890.

Caciquismo及caudillismo

An extension of the term cacique, caciquismo ("boss rule") can refer to a political system dominated by the power of local , the caciques. In the post-independence period in Mexico, the term retained its meaning of "indigenous" leaders, but also took on a more general usage of a "local" or "regional" leader as well. Some scholars make a distinction between 考迪罗 (強人 (政治)) and their rule, caudillismo, and caciques and caciquismo. One Argentine intellectual, Carlos Octavio Bunge viewed caciquismo as emerging from anarchy and political disruption and then evolving into a "pacific" form of "civilized caciquismo", such as Mexico's 波菲里奥·迪亚斯 (r. 1876-1911). Argentine writer Fernando N.A. Cuevillas views caciquismo as being "nothing more than a special brand of tyrant".

In Spain, caciquismo appeared in the 西班牙王国 (1874年－1931年). Writer Ramón Akal González views 加利西亚 (西班牙) in northwest of Spain, as having remained in a continual state of strangulated growth over centuries as a result of caciquismo and nepotism. "Galicia still suffers from this anachronistic caste of caciques." Spanish strongman El Caudillo 弗朗西斯科·佛朗哥 (1892-1975) was born in 费罗尔 in Galicia.

In the Philippines, the term was coined by 本尼迪克特·安德森. It has been used to describe the political system where in many parts of the country local leaders remain very strong, with almost warlord-type powers. The Philippines was a colony of 西班牙帝國 from the late sixteenth century until the 美西战争 of 1898, when the United States assumed control. The U.S. administration subsequently introduced many commercial, political and administrative reforms. They were sometimes quite progressive and directed towards the modernization of government and commerce in the Philippines. However, the local traditional Filipino elites, being better educated and better connected than much of the local population, were often able to take advantage of the changes to bolster their positions.

There is no consensus in the scholarly literature about the origins of caciquismo. suggests that the terms cacique and caudillo "either require further scrutiny or, perhaps, they have become so stretched by the diversity of explanations and processes packed into them that they have become somewhat empty generalizations".

美洲著名的本土酋長

• Agüeybaná I of the Taino of Puerto Rico
• of the Taino of Puerto Rico
• 阿基明萨克 of the Muisca of Chunsa
• of the Temininós of Espírito Santo
• of the Taino of Puerto Rico
• of the Pipil of El Salvador
• of the
• of Acora and Puno
• of the Taino of Puerto Rico
• of Venezuela
• of the Huetar of Costa Rica
• of the Tupinambás of São Paulo
• of the Huetar of Costa Rica
• of the Ngäbe of Panama
• of the Potiguara
• 加拉維托縣 of the Huetar of Costa Rica
• of Mexico
• of the Teques and Caracas
• of the Taino of Cuba
• of Venezuela
• of the Taino of Hispaniola
• 哈土依 of the Taino of Hispaniola
• of the Muisca of Colombia
• of the Tehuelche
• of the Taino of Puerto Rico
• of the Moluche of Chile
• of the Lenca of Honduras
• of the Mangue of Costa Rica
• of the Tehuelche of Patagonia
• of the Taino of Puerto Rico
• of the Ngäbe of Panama
• of the Muisca of Muyquytá
• of the Timucua
• of the Guarani Missions
• of the Mariches and Quiriquires
• of the Tupiniquims of São Paulo
• of central Florida
• of the Chorotega of Nicaragua

Taínos

史密森尼 (雜誌)繪製的波多黎各不同酋長管轄地區的地圖

• （偉大的太陽）
• （勇敢）
• 科梅里奧
• 哈土依
• Huarea

參見

• Caudillo
• ，自稱是虛構的中美洲國家Poyais的酋長
• 美洲殖民

參考

1. REDIRECT Template:Delete

This article "Cacique" is from Wikipedia. The list of its authors can be seen in its historical and/or the page Edithistory:Cacique. Articles copied from Draft Namespace on Wikipedia could be seen on the Draft Namespace of Wikipedia and not main one.

This article "Cacique" is from Wikipedia. The list of its authors can be seen in its historical and/or the page Edithistory:Cacique. Articles copied from Draft Namespace on Wikipedia could be seen on the Draft Namespace of Wikipedia and not main one.

延伸閱讀

• Abercrombie, Thomas A. "Tributes to Bad Conscience: Charity, Restitution, and Inheritance in Cacique and Encomendero Testaments of Sixteenth-Century Charcas" in Dead Giveaways: Indigenous Testaments of Colonial Mesoamerica and the Andes, Susan Kellogg and , eds. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press 1998, pp. 249–289.
• Anderson, Benedict. "Cacique Democracy in the Philippines: Origins and Dreams", New Left Review, I (169), May–June 1988
• Bartra, Roger et al.,Caciquismo y poder político en el México rural. 8th ed. Mexico: Siglo Veintiuno Editores, 1986.
• Caciquismo in twen[t]ieth-century Mexico. London: Institute for the Study of the Americas, 2005.
• Chance, John K. (1996) "The Caciques of Tecali: Class and Ethnic Identity in Late Colonial Mexico." 76(3):475-502.
• Chance, John K.(1998) "La hacienda de los Santiago en Tecali, Puebla: Un cacicazgo naua colonial, 1520-1750." Historia Mexicana 47(4):689-734.
• Cline, S.L. “A Cacicazgo in the Seventeenth Century: The Case of Xochimilco” In Land and Politics in Mexico, H.R. Harvey, University of New Mexico Press 1991, pp. 265–274
• Costa y Martínez, Joaquín, Oligarquía y caciquismo: como la forma actual de gobierno en España, urgencia y modo de cambiarla. Zaragoza: Guara Editorial, 1982.
• Costa y Martínez, Joaquín, Oligarquía y caciquismo: colectivismo agrario y otros escritos (antología). Madrid : Alianza Editorial, c1967.
• de la Peña, Guillermo. "Poder local, poder regional: perspectivas socio-antropológica." In Poder local: poder region, Eds. Jorge Padua and Alain Vanneph. Mexico City: Colegio de México-CEMCA 1986..
• Díaz Rementería, Carlos J. El cacique en el virreinato del Perú: estudio histórico-jurídico. Sevilla: Universidad de Sevilla, 1977.
• Dutt, Rajehwari. Maya Caciques in Early National Yucatán. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 2017.
• Falcón, Romana. Revolución y caciquismo: San Luis Potosí, 1910-1938. México, D.F.: Centro de Estudios Históricos, Colegio de México, 1984.
• Fernández de Recas, Guillermo S., Cacicazgos y nobiliario indígena de la Nueva España. México : 351 pp. Serie: Instituto Bibliográfico Mexicano. Publicación 1961.
• Forced marches soldiers and military caciques in modern Mexico. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2012
• Friedrich, Paul. "The Legitimacy of a Cacique". In Local-Level Politics: Social and Cultural Perspectives, ed. by Marc J. Swartz. Chicago: Aldine 1968.
• . "The Aztec aristocracy in colonial Mexico." 2, no. 2 (1960): 169–196.
• Girón, Nicole. Heraclio Bernal, bandolero, cacique o precursor de la Revolución?. México : Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, SEP, Departamento de Investigaciones Históricas, 1976.
• Heine, Jorge. The last cacique: leadership and politics in a Puerto Rican city. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1993.
• Hoekstra, Rik. 2010. "A Colonial Cacicazgo: The Mendozas of Seventeenth-Century Tepexi de la Seda." European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies 89:87-106.
• Joseph, Gilbert M. "Caciquismo and the Revolution: Carrillo Puerto in Yucatán" in Caudillo and Peasant in the Mexican Revolution, 1980
• Kern, Robert, The caciques: oligarchical politics and the system of caciquismo in the Luso-Hispanic world. Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press [1973]
• , "Cacique, Caciquismo" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. 1, pp. 505–06. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
• Martínez Assad, Carlos, ed. Estadistas, caciques, y caudillos. Mexico City: UNAM-IIS 1998.
• Menengus Borneman, Margarita and Rodolfo Aguierre Salvador eds. El Cacicazgo en Nueva España. Mexico: UNAM - Plaza y Valdés 2005.
• Ouweneel, Arij. 1995. "From Tlahtocayotl to Governadoryotl: A Critical Examination of Indigenous Rule in 18th-century Central Mexico." 22(4):756-85.
• Ramírez, Susan, "The 'Dueños de Indios': Thoughts on the Consequences of the Shifting Bases of Power of the 'Curaca de los Viejos' Under the Spanish in Sixteenth-Century Peru," Hispanic American Historical Review 67, no. 4 (1987):575-610.
• Roniger, Luis, "Caciquismo and Coronelismo: Contextual Dimensions of Patron Brokerage in Mexico and Brazil." Latin American Research Review Vol. 22, No. 2 (1987), pp. 71-99
• Saignes, Thierry. Caciques, tribute, and migration in the southern Andes: Indian society and the seventeenth-century colonial order. Trans. Paul Garner. London: University of London 1985.
• Salmerón Castro, Fernando. "Caciquismo" in Encyclopedia of Mexico, vol. 1, pp. 177-179. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997.
• Spores, Ronald. "Mixteca cacicas: Status, wealth, and the political accommodations of the native elite women in early colonial Oaxaca" in Indian Women of Early Mexico, ed. Susan Schroeder et al. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 1997.
• Tusell, Javier, Oligarquía y caciquismo en Andalucía (1890-1923). Barcelona : Editorial Planeta, 1976.
• Villella, Peter B. "“Pure and Noble Indians, Untainted by Inferior Idolatrous Races”: Native Elites and the Discourse of Blood Purity in Late Colonial Mexico." 91, no. 4 (2011): 633-663.
• Wasserman, Mark, Capitalists, caciques, and revolution: the native elite and foreign enterprise in Chihuahua, Mexico, 1854-1911. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984.
• Wilson, Samuel M. Hispaniola: Caribbean Chiefdoms in the Age of Columbus. 1990.
• Wood, Stephanie. "Testaments and Títulos: Conflict and Coincidence of Cacique and Community Interests in Central Mexico" in Dead Giveaways: Indigenous Testaments of Colonial Mesoamerica and the Andes, Susan Kellogg and , eds. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press 1998, pp. 85–111.
• Zeitlin, Judith Francis, and Lillian Thomas. "Spanish justice and the Indian cacique: disjunctive political systems in sixteenth-century Tehuantepec." Ethnohistory (1992): 285–315.

This article "Cacique" is from Wikipedia. The list of its authors can be seen in its historical and/or the page Edithistory:Cacique. Articles copied from Draft Namespace on Wikipedia could be seen on the Draft Namespace of Wikipedia and not main one.

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