Political boss
在政治科學，Political boss是控制政黨派系或當地分支機構的人。不一定自己擔任公職；大多數的Political boss都沒有公職，至少在他們影響力最大的時期是這樣。那個單位的許多幹部都隸屬於黨務中的單一老闆。Political boss的權力可能建基於眾多選民的支持，通常是有組織的投票集團，並管理這些集團和其他各種利益相關者的聯盟。當該黨獲勝時，他們通常會控製本單位的任命，並在更高級別擁有發言權。改革者通常聲稱政治老闆是腐敗。這種腐敗通常與贊助有關；交換工作、有利可圖的合同和其他政治利益以換取選票、競選捐款，有時甚至是直接賄賂。
歷史[编辑]
Political boss自羅馬共和國以來就很普遍，並且在今天仍然相當普遍或可能很普遍。在西班牙裔美國人、巴西、西班牙、葡萄牙中，cacique在許多地方掌權；[1]
while in Italy they are often referred to as ras.[2] Bosses were a major part of the political landscape during the 19th and early 20th centuries in the United States, such as the political machine of Tammany Hall, which controlled financing of campaigns and influence via owing of favors to arrange patronage public appointments.
In the Southern United States, charismatic populist politicians like Huey Long commanded large networks of supporters. Similar practices existed in the northern cities, particularly New York City, where Boss Tweed (arguably the most infamous political boss) wielded control over the powerful Democratic political machine. In Denver, Colorado, during the 1890s Jefferson Randolph "Soapy" Smith operated as the Republican party boss and political fixer.
Charles Brayton exercised great influence over the politics of turn of the 20th century Rhode Island.[3] He exemplified rural bossism within the Republican Party. Chicago had numerous colorful bosses, such as Democrats Hinky Dink and Bathhouse John.[4]Template:Fix Chicago's Republican counterparts included Big Bill Thompson, who became mayor in the 1920s.[5]Template:Fix One of Chicago's most iconic figures was longtime mayor and chairman of the Cook County Democratic Committee Richard J. Daley,[6]Template:Fix who had a major voice in state and national Democratic politics. With a few exceptions in the Southwest, such as Phoenix, most large cities of 100,000 or more in the early 20th century had machine organizations, and usually claimed one or more local bosses, most of which were Democrats. Some had a major impact and hold on state politics, such as E. H. Crump in Memphis, Tennessee.[7]Template:Fix A few bosses had reputations as reformers, such as Frank Hague of Jersey City.[8]
An October 2020 article in The Bulwark argued that Donald Trump's appeal to white working-class voters in the 2016 United States presidential election was driven by the same kind of paternalistic and localist mentality that was exploited by the Democratic political bosses of the early 20th century.[9] An April 2022 The New York Times article portrayed him as a modern party boss during his post-presidency.[10]
流行文化[编辑]
Boss Jim W. Gettys, portrayed by Ray Collins, is a secondary character in Citizen Kane and Charles Foster Kane's political rival for the post of Governor of New York.
The television series The Dukes of Hazzard (1979-1985) featured a character named Boss Hogg, played by Sorrell Booke.
Boss Tweed was portrayed by Philip Bosco in the 1986 TV movie Liberty,[11] and by Jim Broadbent as a major supporting character in the 2002 film Gangs of New York.[12] Tweed is portrayed as a defender of the rights of minorities and helper of those in need in Pete Hamill's 2003 novel Forever.
The HBO television series Boardwalk Empire (2010-2014) focuses on Enoch "Nucky" Thompson (based on the historical Enoch L. Johnson), a Republican Party boss and gangster who controls Atlantic City, New Jersey during the Prohibition period (1920-1933).
著名人物[编辑]
Template:Country data 美國[编辑]
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- 脚本错误：没有“ilh”这个模块。 (1936-2014)
- 脚本错误：没有“ilh”这个模块。 (b. 1945)
- 脚本错误：没有“ilh”这个模块。 (1853–1916)
- 脚本错误：没有“ilh”这个模块。 (1843–1922)
- 脚本错误：没有“ilh”这个模块。 (1902–1976)
- 脚本错误：没有“ilh”这个模块。 (1858–1934)
- 脚本错误：没有“ilh”这个模块。 (1908–2004)
- 脚本错误：没有“ilh”这个模块。 (b. 1960)
- 脚本错误：没有“ilh”这个模块。 (1907–1993)
- 脚本错误：没有“ilh”这个模块。 (1876-1982)
- 吉姆·法利 (1888–1976)
- 脚本错误：没有“ilh”这个模块。 (1876–1956)
- 脚本错误：没有“ilh”这个模块。 (1823–1895)
- 脚本错误：没有“ilh”这个模块。 (b. 1947)
- 伊努·L·強森 (1883–1968)
- 休伊·皮尔斯·朗 (1893–1935)
- 脚本错误：没有“ilh”这个模块。 (1927–2008)
- 脚本错误：没有“ilh”这个模块。 (1886-1965)
- 脚本错误：没有“ilh”这个模块。 (1839 – 1907)
- 脚本错误：没有“ilh”这个模块。 (1851-1922)
- 脚本错误：没有“ilh”这个模块。 (1827–1904)
- 脚本错误：没有“ilh”这个模块。 (b. 1956)
- 脚本错误：没有“ilh”这个模块。 (1885-1977)
- 脚本错误：没有“ilh”这个模块。 (1920-1991)
- 脚本错误：没有“ilh”这个模块。
- 脚本错误：没有“ilh”这个模块。 (b. 1943)
- 汤姆·彭德格斯特 (1873–1945)
- John S. Williams (1835-1887)
- 威廉·特威德 (1823–1878)
- 唐納·川普 (b. 1946)
- 脚本错误：没有“ilh”这个模块。 (1867-1934)
Template:Country data 英國[编辑]
- 脚本错误：没有“ilh”这个模块。 (1863-1928)
參見[编辑]
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參考[编辑]
- REDIRECT Template:Delete
脚本错误：没有“Redirect_Template_List”这个模块。 This article "Political boss" is from Wikipedia. The list of its authors can be seen in its historical and/or the page Edithistory:Political boss. Articles copied from Draft Namespace on Wikipedia could be seen on the Draft Namespace of Wikipedia and not main one.
- ↑ Robert Kern, The caciques: oligarchical politics and the system of caciquismo in the Luso-Hispanic world. Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press [1973]
- ↑ I ras del voto "personale" che ondeggiano tra gli schieramenti
- ↑ John D. Buenker, "The Politics of Resistance: The Rural-Based Yankee Republican Machines of Connecticut and Rhode Island". New England Quarterly (1974): 212–237.
- ↑ Lloyd Wendt, and Herman Kogan, Lords of the Levee: The story of Bathhouse John and Hinky Dink (1944).
- ↑ Douglas Bukowski, Big Bill Thompson, Chicago, and the politics of image (1998).
- ↑ Mike Royko, Boss: Richard J. Daley of Chicago (1971)
- ↑ G. Wayne Dowdy, Mayor Crump Don't Like It: Machine Politics in Memphis (Univ. Press of Mississippi, 2006)
- ↑ Mark S. Foster, "Frank Hague of Jersey City: 'The boss' as reformer." New Jersey History 86#2 (1968): 106–117.
- ↑ Stephanie Muravchik and Jon A. Shields, The Other Democratic Party, The Bulwark, October 4, 2020
- ↑ 脚本错误：没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ "Characters: Boss Tweed" on IMDb
- ↑ 脚本错误：没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
This article "Political boss" is from Wikipedia. The list of its authors can be seen in its historical and/or the page Edithistory:Political boss. Articles copied from Draft Namespace on Wikipedia could be seen on the Draft Namespace of Wikipedia and not main one.
延伸閱讀[编辑]
- H. F. Gosnell, Machine Politics (1937, repr. 1968);
- S. Lubell, The Future of American Politics (3d ed. 1965);
- E. C. Banfield and J. Q. Wilson, City Politics (1963, repr. 1966)
This article "Political boss" is from Wikipedia. The list of its authors can be seen in its historical and/or the page Edithistory:Political boss. Articles copied from Draft Namespace on Wikipedia could be seen on the Draft Namespace of Wikipedia and not main one.
